Grain Storage System Flow Diagram Explanation

The grain storage system consists of several key stages, from grain intake to final dispatch. Below is an explanation of the grain transport, cleaning, drying, storage, and unloading processes in a flow diagram format.

1. Grain Intake and Conveying System

✅ Raw Material Intake:

• Harvested grain is delivered to the facility by trucks or tractor trailers.

✅ Conveying System (100 tons/hour):

• Elevators and conveyors transport the grain to the processing units.

• The system directs the grain to the pre-cleaning unit or the drying machine.

2. Grain Cleaning System (50 tons/hour)

✅ Pre-Cleaning:

• Foreign materials, stones, stalks, dust, and light particles are separated using a cleaning machine.

• The screening system improves grain quality, making it suitable for storage.

3. Grain Drying Process (25 tons/hour)

✅ Drying Machine:

• Grain with high moisture content is directed to the gas-fired or solid fuel-fired drying machine.

• The machine reduces the grain's moisture level to the desired level.

• Dried grain is returned to the conveying system and transported to the silos.

4. Grain Storage Process

✅ Main Storage (Flat-Bottom Silos - 1000 Tons x 2 Units)

• Large quantities of grain are transferred to 1000-ton silos for long-term storage.

• Temperature and humidity sensors monitor the environment.

✅ Short-Term Storage (Conical-Bottom Silos - 75 Tons x 2 Units)

• Grain that needs to be unloaded quickly is stored in conical-bottom silos.

• The conical design allows fast and easy discharge.

5. Grain Unloading and Dispatch

✅ Unloading System:

• Stored grain is transported via discharge augers and conveyors to the dispatch area.

• A weighing process (Weighing scale) is conducted.

• Grain is loaded onto trucks or rail wagons for sale or delivery to processing plants.

Supporting Systems

💨 Ventilation and Temperature Control:

• Ventilation systems in the silos prevent grain spoilage.

• Temperature and humidity sensors continuously monitor grain conditions.

🔌 Electrical and Automation System:

• PLC-controlled system automatically manages and optimizes all processes.

• Security systems and alarms prevent grain damage.

🛠 Dust and Waste Management:

• Dust filters and extraction systems separate unwanted particles during the cleaning process.

• Waste grain is redirected for other uses (e.g., animal feed).

Flow Diagram Summary Table

Stage

Process

Equipment

1. Intake & Conveying

Receiving and transporting grain to the facility

Elevators, conveyor belts

2. Cleaning

Removing stones, dust, and foreign materials

Pre-cleaner, screening systems

3. Drying

Reducing grain moisture content

Grain drying machine

4. Storage

Storing grain in silos

Flat-bottom and conical-bottom silos

5. Unloading & Dispatch

Selling and transporting grain

Discharge augers, weighing scale

This flow diagram ensures that the entire grain processing cycle, from intake to final dispatch, is managed efficiently and systematically. ✅🚜

4o

Tahıl Depolama Sistemi Akış Diyagramı Açıklaması

Tahıl depolama sisteminde süreç tahılın girişinden çıkışına kadar birkaç ana aşamadan oluşur. Aşağıda, tahılın taşınması, temizlenmesi, kurutulması, depolanması ve boşaltılması süreçlerini içeren bir akış diyagramının açıklamasını bulabilirsiniz.

1. Tahıl Girişi ve Taşıma Sistemi

✅ Hammadde Girişi:

• Hasat edilen tahıl, kamyonlarla veya traktör römorklarıyla tesise getirilir.

✅ Taşıma Sistemi (100 ton/saat):

• Elevatörler ve konveyörler yardımıyla tahıl, işleme aşamalarına yönlendirilir.

• Taşıma sistemi, tahılı ön temizleme ünitesine veya kurutma makinesine iletir.

2. Tahıl Temizleme Sistemi (50 ton/saat)

✅ Ön Temizleme:

• Yabancı maddeler, taşlar, saplar, toz ve hafif partiküller temizleme makinesi ile ayrıştırılır.

• Eleme sistemi sayesinde tahılın kalitesi artırılır ve depolamaya uygun hale getirilir.

3. Tahıl Kurutma Süreci (25 ton/saat)

✅ Kurutma Makinesi:

• Yüksek nem oranına sahip tahıl, gazlı veya katı yakıtlı kurutma makinesine yönlendirilir.

• Burada tahılın istenen nem seviyesine düşürülmesi sağlanır.

• Kurutulan tahıl, taşıma sistemine tekrar verilerek silolara gönderilir.

4. Tahıl Depolama Süreci

✅ Ana Depolama (Düz Tabanlı Silolar - 1000 Ton x 2 Adet)

• Büyük miktardaki tahıl, uzun süre saklanmak üzere 1000 tonluk silolara aktarılır.

• Sıcaklık ve nem sensörleri ile ortam izlenir.

✅ Kısa Süreli Depolama (Konik Tabanlı Silolar - 75 Ton x 2 Adet)

• Hızlı boşaltılması gereken tahıllar, konik tabanlı silolarda saklanır.

• Konik yapısı sayesinde tahıl hızlı ve kolay şekilde boşaltılabilir.

5. Tahıl Boşaltma ve Sevkiyat

✅ Boşaltma Sistemi:

• Depolanan tahıl, boşaltma helezonları ve konveyörler aracılığıyla taşınarak sevkiyat noktasına yönlendirilir.

• Tartım işlemi yapılır (Tartım kantarı).

• Kamyonlara veya tren vagonlarına yüklenerek satış veya işleme tesislerine sevk edilir.

Destekleyici Sistemler

💨 Havalandırma ve Sıcaklık Kontrolü:

• Silolardaki havalandırma sistemleri sayesinde tahılın bozulması önlenir.

• Sıcaklık ve nem sensörleri ile tahılın durumu sürekli izlenir.

🔌 Elektrik ve Otomasyon Sistemi:

• PLC kontrollü sistem, tüm süreçleri otomatik olarak yönetir ve optimize eder.

• Güvenlik sistemleri ve alarmlar, tahılın zarar görmesini engeller.

🛠 Toz ve Atık Yönetimi:

• Toz filtreleri ve emme sistemleri, temizlik sürecinde çıkan yabancı maddeleri ayırır.

• Atık tahıllar, başka kullanım alanlarına yönlendirilir (örneğin hayvan yemi).

Akış Diyagramı Özet Tablosu

Aşama

Süreç

Ekipman

1. Giriş ve Taşıma

Tahılın tesise kabulü ve taşınması

Elevatörler, konveyör bantlar

2. Temizleme

Taşlar, toz ve yabancı maddelerin ayrılması

Ön temizleyici, eleme sistemleri

3. Kurutma

Tahılın nem seviyesinin düşürülmesi

Tahıl kurutma makinesi

4. Depolama

Tahılın silolarda saklanması

Düz tabanlı ve konik tabanlı silolar

5. Boşaltma & Sevkiyat

Tahılın satışı ve nakliyesi

Boşaltma helezonları, tartım kantarı

Bu akış diyagramı ile tahılın girişinden nihai sevkiyatına kadar tüm süreçler düzenli ve verimli bir şekilde yönetilir. ✅🚜

4o

“### **. Tahıl Girişi ve Taşıma Sistemi** ✅ **Hammadde Girişi:** * Hasat edilen tahıl, **kamyonlarla veya traktör römorklarıyla** tesise getirilir. ✅ **Taşıma Sistemi (100 ton/saat):** * **Elevatörler ve konveyörler** yardımıyla tahıl, işleme aşamalarına yönlendirilir. * Taşıma sistemi, tahılı **ön temizleme ünitesine** veya **kurutma makinesine** iletir. * * * ### **2\. Tahıl Temizleme Sistemi** (50 ton/saat) ✅ **Ön Temizleme:** * **Yabancı maddeler, taşlar, saplar, toz ve hafif partiküller** temizleme makinesi ile ayrıştırılır. * Eleme sistemi sayesinde tahılın **kalitesi artırılır ve depolamaya uygun hale getirilir**. * * * ### **3\. Tahıl Kurutma Süreci** (25 ton/saat) ✅ **Kurutma Makinesi:** * Yüksek nem oranına sahip tahıl, **gazlı veya katı yakıtlı kurutma makinesine** yönlendirilir. * Burada tahılın **istenen nem seviyesine düşürülmesi** sağlanır. * Kurutulan tahıl, taşıma sistemine tekrar verilerek **silolara** gönderilir. * * * ### **4\. Tahıl Depolama Süreci** ✅ **Ana Depolama (Düz Tabanlı Silolar - 1000 Ton x 2 Adet)** * **Büyük miktardaki tahıl**, uzun süre saklanmak üzere **1000 tonluk silolara** aktarılır. * **Sıcaklık ve nem sensörleri** ile ortam izlenir. ✅ **Kısa Süreli Depolama (Konik Tabanlı Silolar - 75 Ton x 2 Adet)** * **Hızlı boşaltılması gereken tahıllar**, konik tabanlı silolarda saklanır. * Konik yapısı sayesinde tahıl **hızlı ve kolay şekilde boşaltılabilir**. * * * ### **5\. Tahıl Boşaltma ve Sevkiyat** ✅ **Boşaltma Sistemi:** * Depolanan tahıl, **boşaltma helezonları ve konveyörler** aracılığıyla taşınarak sevkiyat noktasına yönlendirilir. * Tartım işlemi yapılır (**Tartım kantarı**). * **Kamyonlara veya tren vagonlarına yüklenerek satış veya işleme tesislerine sevk edilir.** * * * ### **Destekleyici Sistemler** 💨 **Havalandırma ve Sıcaklık Kontrolü:** * Silolardaki havalandırma sistemleri sayesinde tahılın bozulması önlenir. * Sıcaklık ve nem sensörleri ile tahılın durumu sürekli izlenir. 🔌 **Elektrik ve Otomasyon Sistemi:** * **PLC kontrollü sistem**, tüm süreçleri otomatik olarak yönetir ve optimize eder. * **Güvenlik sistemleri ve alarmlar**, tahılın zarar görmesini engeller. 🛠 **Toz ve Atık Yönetimi:** * **Toz filtreleri** ve **emme sistemleri**, temizlik sürecinde çıkan yabancı maddeleri ayırır. * Atık tahıllar, başka kullanım alanlarına yönlendirilir (örneğin hayvan yemi). * * * ### **Akış Diyagramı Özet Tablosu** | **Aşama** | **Süreç** | **Ekipman** | | --- | --- | --- | | **1\. Giriş ve Taşıma** | Tahılın tesise kabulü ve taşınması | Elevatörler, konveyör bantlar | | **2\. Temizleme** | Taşlar, toz ve yabancı maddelerin ayrılması | Ön temizleyici, eleme sistemleri | | **3\. Kurutma** | Tahılın nem seviyesinin düşürülmesi | Tahıl kurutma makinesi | | **4\. Depolama** | Tahılın silolarda saklanması | Düz tabanlı ve konik tabanlı silolar | | **5\. Boşaltma & Sevkiyat** | Tahılın satışı ve nakliyesi | Boşaltma helezonları, tartım kantarı | Bu akış diyagramı ile **tahılın girişinden nihai sevkiyatına kadar tüm süreçler** düzenli ve verimli bir şekilde yönetilir. ✅🚜”

List of Grain Dryers Suitable for Your Requirements

You are looking for a grain dryer that:
✅ Has a daily capacity of 400 tons
✅ Reduces moisture from 30% to 15%
✅ Runs on LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
✅ Operates at a drying temperature of 70°C
✅ Works continuously (continuous flow system)

1. Turkey

• TECO (Teknikeller Makina)

  • Model: TECO 4200

  • Capacity: 400 tons per day (approximately 16-18 tons per hour)

  • Fuel Type: LPG

  • Features: Moisture reduction from 30% to 15%, 70°C drying, continuous operation, automatic moisture and temperature control, high energy efficiency.

2. Ukraine

• Grain Energy

  • Model: GEK-300

  • Capacity: 400 tons per day

  • Fuel Type: LPG

  • Features: Continuous operation, moisture reduction from 30% to 15%, 70°C drying, energy-efficient design.

3. Russia

• AltayAgroMash

  • Model: ASK-20

  • Capacity: 400 tons per day

  • Fuel Type: LPG

  • Features: Continuous operation, moisture reduction from 30% to 15%, 70°C drying, advanced automation system.

4. Kazakhstan

• KazTechMachinery

  • Model: KTM-400

  • Capacity: 400 tons per day

  • Fuel Type: LPG

  • Features: Continuous operation, moisture reduction from 30% to 15%, 70°C drying, high durability.

5. Romania

• Stela Engineering

  • Model: Universal 4200

  • Capacity: 400 tons per day

  • Fuel Type: LPG

  • Features: Continuous operation, moisture reduction from 30% to 15%, 70°C drying, low fuel consumption.

6. Moldova

• AgroTech Moldova

  • Model: ATM-20

  • Capacity: 400 tons per day

  • Fuel Type: LPG

  • Features: Continuous operation, moisture reduction from 30% to 15%, 70°C drying, user-friendly interface.

7. Iran

• Iran Industrial Machinery

  • Model: IIM-400D

  • Capacity: 400 tons per day

  • Fuel Type: LPG

  • Features: Continuous operation, moisture reduction from 30% to 15%, 70°C drying, high reliability.

8. India

• Bühler India

  • Model: DRYMASTER 400

  • Capacity: 400 tons per day

  • Fuel Type: LPG

  • Features: Continuous operation, moisture reduction from 30% to 15%, 70°C drying, high energy efficiency.

9. China

• Zhengzhou Taida

  • Model: TDQ-400

  • Capacity: 400 tons per day

  • Fuel Type: LPG

  • Features: Continuous operation, moisture reduction from 30% to 15%, 70°C drying, cost-effective solution.

Fuel Consumption and Energy Efficiency

📌 On average, reducing moisture by 1% requires approximately 1.5 - 2 liters of LPG per ton of grain.

📌 For your case:

• Moisture reduction from 30% to 15% (15% total reduction)

• LPG consumption calculation: 15 × 1.5 - 2 liters = 22.5 - 30 liters per ton

• Total daily LPG consumption:

  • 400 tons × 22.5 - 30 liters = 9,000 - 12,000 liters of LPG per day

⚡ Factors affecting fuel consumption:
✅ Energy efficiency of the dryer (modern models consume less fuel)
✅ Heat recovery system (recycling heat reduces fuel costs)
✅ Ambient temperature (at 10°C, fuel consumption may be slightly higher)

Conclusion & Recommendations

🔹 For a reliable, energy-efficient dryer with high capacity, consider models like: TECO 4200 (Turkey), Stela Universal 4200 (Romania), Bühler DRYMASTER 400 (India), or Grain Energy GEK-300 (Ukraine).

🔹 To reduce fuel costs, choose a model with a heat recovery system and automatic moisture control.

🔹 Contact manufacturers for precise pricing and delivery conditions! 🚀

Gaz ile Çalışan Tahıl Kurutma Sistemleri ve Katı Yakıtlı Tahıl Kurutma Sistemlerinin Karşılaştırılması

Tahıl kurutma sistemlerinde kullanılan yakıt türü, kurutma süreci, verimlilik ve maliyet açısından önemli farklılıklar yaratır. Gaz ile çalışan sistemler ve katı yakıtlı sistemler arasındaki temel farkları çeşitli açılardan inceleyelim:

1. Yakıt Türü ve Temin Edilebilirlik

• Gazlı Sistemler: Doğalgaz, LPG veya LNG gibi gaz yakıtları kullanılır. Şehirleşmiş bölgelerde doğalgaz altyapısı varsa temini kolaydır.

• Katı Yakıtlı Sistemler: Kömür, odun, pelet, prina veya biyokütle gibi katı yakıtlar kullanılır. Yerel olarak bulunabilen yakıtlar daha düşük maliyet sağlayabilir, ancak stoklama gerektirir.

2. Kurutma Hızı ve Isı Verimliliği

• Gazlı Sistemler:

  • Daha hızlı ve verimli ısı üretir.

  • Yanma daha stabil olduğu için ısı daha dengelidir.

  • Kurutma süresi daha kısadır ve tahılların nem oranı daha hassas şekilde ayarlanabilir.

• Katı Yakıtlı Sistemler:

  • Isının dengelenmesi zor olabilir.

  • Yanma düzensiz olabilir, bu da tahılların homojen kurumasını zorlaştırır.

  • Kurutma süresi gazlı sistemlere göre daha uzun olabilir.

3. İşletme Maliyeti

• Gazlı Sistemler:

  • Gaz fiyatları bölgesel olarak değişebilir, ancak genellikle katı yakıtlara göre daha pahalıdır.

  • Yüksek yanma verimi sayesinde daha az yakıt tüketilir.

  • Daha az iş gücü gerektirir.

• Katı Yakıtlı Sistemler:

  • Yakıt maliyeti genellikle daha düşüktür, ancak yakıtın taşınması ve depolanması ek masraf oluşturabilir.

  • Yakıtın sürekli beslenmesi gerektiğinden iş gücü ihtiyacı fazladır.

  • Isı üretimindeki verimsizlik nedeniyle daha fazla yakıt tüketilebilir.

4. Kullanım Kolaylığı ve Bakım

• Gazlı Sistemler:

  • Tam otomatik veya yarı otomatik çalışabilir.

  • Kullanımı ve sıcaklık kontrolü daha kolaydır.

  • Bakımı daha azdır, kül ve kalıntı oluşmaz.

• Katı Yakıtlı Sistemler:

  • Manuel müdahale gerekebilir.

  • Düzenli kül temizliği ve yakıt beslemesi yapılmalıdır.

  • Baca temizliği ve yanma odası bakımı gerektirir.

5. Çevresel Etki

• Gazlı Sistemler:

  • Daha temiz yanar, karbon emisyonu ve hava kirliliği daha düşüktür.

  • Kül ve atık oluşturmaz.

• Katı Yakıtlı Sistemler:

  • Kömür ve odun gibi yakıtlar daha fazla karbon salınımı yapar.

  • Kül ve yanma sonrası atıklar oluşur.

  • Hava kirliliğine neden olabilir.

6. İlk Kurulum ve Yatırım Maliyeti

• Gazlı Sistemler:

  • Genellikle daha pahalıdır.

  • Doğalgaz altyapısının olmadığı yerlerde kurulum ek maliyet gerektirir.

  • Uzun vadede düşük bakım maliyeti avantaj sağlar.

• Katı Yakıtlı Sistemler:

  • İlk yatırım maliyeti daha düşüktür.

  • Kurulumu daha basittir.

  • Ancak işletme sürecinde bakım ve yakıt temini nedeniyle zaman içinde ek masraflar çıkarabilir.

7. Güvenlik

• Gazlı Sistemler:

  • Otomatik kontrol mekanizmaları sayesinde daha güvenlidir.

  • Yanma daha kontrollü olduğu için patlama riski daha düşüktür.

• Katı Yakıtlı Sistemler:

  • Yakıt besleme sisteminin dikkatli kullanılması gerekir.

  • Yanma odasındaki sıcaklık değişimleri ve kül birikmesi yangın riski oluşturabilir.

Sonuç: Hangi Sistem Daha İyi?

Kriter

Gazlı Tahıl Kurutma

Katı Yakıtlı Tahıl Kurutma

Yakıt Türü

Doğalgaz, LPG, LNG

Kömür, odun, biyokütle

Kurutma Hızı

Daha hızlı ve verimli

Daha yavaş, ısı dengesi zor

İşletme Maliyeti

Daha yüksek yakıt maliyeti ama daha verimli

Daha ucuz yakıt ama daha fazla tüketim

Kullanım Kolaylığı

Otomatik, düşük iş gücü ihtiyacı

Manuel müdahale gerekebilir

Bakım

Daha az bakım, temiz yanma

Düzenli kül ve baca temizliği gerekir

Çevresel Etki

Daha düşük karbon salınımı

Daha fazla karbon salınımı ve kül oluşumu

İlk Kurulum Maliyeti

Daha yüksek

Daha düşük

Güvenlik

Daha güvenli, kontrollü yanma

Daha dikkat gerektirir

Tercih Kriterleri:

• Eğer temiz enerji, kolay kullanım ve yüksek verimlilik istiyorsanız → Gazlı sistemler daha iyi bir seçimdir.

• Eğer düşük yakıt maliyeti ve başlangıç yatırımı düşük bir sistem istiyorsanız → Katı yakıtlı sistemler uygun olabilir.

Seçim yaparken bölgesel yakıt fiyatlarını, işletme büyüklüğünü ve çevresel etkileri göz önünde bulundurmak önemlidir.

Comparison of Grain Drying Systems: Gas-Fired vs. Solid Fuel-Fired

The type of fuel used in grain drying systems significantly impacts the drying process, efficiency, and cost. Here is a detailed comparison of gas-fired and solid fuel-fired grain drying systems based on various factors:

1. Fuel Type and Availability

• Gas-Fired Systems: Use natural gas, LPG, or LNG. If there is a natural gas infrastructure in the area, fuel supply is easy.

• Solid Fuel-Fired Systems: Use coal, wood, pellets, olive pits, or biomass. Locally available fuels can be more cost-effective but require storage space.

2. Drying Speed and Thermal Efficiency

• Gas-Fired Systems:

  • Produce heat quickly and efficiently.

  • Provide stable combustion, ensuring even heat distribution.

  • Shorter drying time with precise moisture control.

• Solid Fuel-Fired Systems:

  • Heat distribution is harder to balance.

  • Inconsistent combustion may cause uneven grain drying.

  • Longer drying times compared to gas-fired systems.

3. Operating Costs

• Gas-Fired Systems:

  • Gas prices vary by region but are generally higher than solid fuels.

  • High combustion efficiency leads to lower fuel consumption.

  • Require less labor.

• Solid Fuel-Fired Systems:

  • Solid fuel is usually cheaper, but transport and storage add costs.

  • Requires continuous fuel feeding, increasing labor costs.

  • Inefficient heat production may result in higher fuel consumption.

4. Ease of Use and Maintenance

• Gas-Fired Systems:

  • Can operate fully or semi-automatically.

  • Easier to use with precise temperature control.

  • Requires minimal maintenance as there are no residues or ashes.

• Solid Fuel-Fired Systems:

  • May require manual intervention.

  • Needs regular ash cleaning and fuel feeding.

  • Requires chimney cleaning and combustion chamber maintenance.

5. Environmental Impact

• Gas-Fired Systems:

  • Burn cleaner, resulting in lower carbon emissions and less air pollution.

  • Do not produce ash or waste.

• Solid Fuel-Fired Systems:

  • Fuels like coal and wood generate higher carbon emissions.

  • Produce ash and combustion residues.

  • Can contribute to air pollution.

6. Initial Installation and Investment Cost

• Gas-Fired Systems:

  • Generally more expensive.

  • Additional costs if there is no existing natural gas infrastructure.

  • Lower maintenance costs in the long run.

• Solid Fuel-Fired Systems:

  • Lower initial investment cost.

  • Simpler installation.

  • May incur additional costs over time due to maintenance and fuel supply.

7. Safety

• Gas-Fired Systems:

  • More secure due to automatic control mechanisms.

  • Controlled combustion reduces explosion risks.

• Solid Fuel-Fired Systems:

  • Requires careful fuel feeding.

  • Temperature fluctuations and ash buildup may pose fire hazards.

Conclusion: Which System Is Better?

Criteria

Gas-Fired Grain Drying

Solid Fuel-Fired Grain Drying

Fuel Type

Natural gas, LPG, LNG

Coal, wood, biomass

Drying Speed

Faster and more efficient

Slower, heat balance is difficult

Operating Cost

Higher fuel cost but more efficient

Cheaper fuel but higher consumption

Ease of Use

Automatic, low labor requirement

May require manual intervention

Maintenance

Low maintenance, clean combustion

Requires regular ash and chimney cleaning

Environmental Impact

Lower carbon emissions

Higher carbon emissions and ash production

Initial Investment Cost

Higher

Lower

Safety

More secure, controlled combustion

Requires more caution

Selection Criteria:

• If you prioritize clean energy, ease of use, and high efficiency → Gas-fired systems are the best choice.

• If you are looking for a lower initial investment and cheaper fuel costs → Solid fuel-fired systems may be more suitable.

When choosing between the two, it is essential to consider local fuel prices, operational scale, and environmental impact.

Список зерносушильных машин, соответствующих вашим требованиям

Вы ищете зерносушильную машину, которая:
✅ Обладает мощностью 400 тонн в сутки
✅ Снижает влажность с 30% до 15%
✅ Работает на LPG (сжиженном нефтяном газе)
✅ Поддерживает температуру сушки 70°C
✅ Функционирует в режиме непрерывной (континуальной) сушки

1. Турция

• TECO (Teknikeller Makina)

  • Модель: TECO 4200

  • Производительность: 400 тонн в сутки (16-18 тонн в час)

  • Тип топлива: LPG

  • Особенности: Снижение влажности с 30% до 15%, температура 70°C, непрерывная работа, автоматический контроль влажности и температуры, высокая энергоэффективность.

2. Украина

• Grain Energy

  • Модель: GEK-300

  • Производительность: 400 тонн в сутки

  • Тип топлива: LPG

  • Особенности: Непрерывная работа, снижение влажности с 30% до 15%, температура 70°C, энергоэффективность.

3. Россия

• AltayAgroMash

  • Модель: ASK-20

  • Производительность: 400 тонн в сутки

  • Тип топлива: LPG

  • Особенности: Непрерывная работа, снижение влажности с 30% до 15%, температура 70°C, автоматизированная система управления.

4. Казахстан

• KazTechMachinery

  • Модель: KTM-400

  • Производительность: 400 тонн в сутки

  • Тип топлива: LPG

  • Особенности: Непрерывная работа, снижение влажности с 30% до 15%, температура 70°C, высокая надежность.

5. Румыния

• Stela Engineering

  • Модель: Universal 4200

  • Производительность: 400 тонн в сутки

  • Тип топлива: LPG

  • Особенности: Непрерывная работа, снижение влажности с 30% до 15%, температура 70°C, низкий расход топлива.

6. Молдова

• AgroTech Moldova

  • Модель: ATM-20

  • Производительность: 400 тонн в сутки

  • Тип топлива: LPG

  • Особенности: Непрерывная работа, снижение влажности с 30% до 15%, температура 70°C, удобный интерфейс управления.

7. Иран

• Iran Industrial Machinery

  • Модель: IIM-400D

  • Производительность: 400 тонн в сутки

  • Тип топлива: LPG

  • Особенности: Непрерывная работа, снижение влажности с 30% до 15%, температура 70°C, высокая надежность.

8. Индия

• Bühler India

  • Модель: DRYMASTER 400

  • Производительность: 400 тонн в сутки

  • Тип топлива: LPG

  • Особенности: Непрерывная работа, снижение влажности с 30% до 15%, температура 70°C, высокая энергоэффективность.

9. Китай

• Zhengzhou Taida

  • Модель: TDQ-400

  • Производительность: 400 тонн в сутки

  • Тип топлива: LPG

  • Особенности: Непрерывная работа, снижение влажности с 30% до 15%, температура 70°C, низкая стоимость эксплуатации.

Расход топлива и энергоэффективность

📌 В среднем для снижения влажности на 1% требуется 1,5 - 2 литра LPG на тонну зерна.

📌 Ваш случай:

• Снижение влажности с 30% до 15% (15%)

• LPG расход: 15 × 1,5 - 2 литра = 22,5 - 30 литров на тонну

• Общий суточный расход:

  • 400 тонн × 22,5 - 30 литров = 9000 - 12000 литров LPG в сутки

⚡ Факторы, влияющие на расход топлива:
✅ Энергоэффективность сушилки (современные модели потребляют меньше газа)
✅ Система рекуперации тепла (повторное использование тепла снижает затраты)
✅ Температура окружающей среды (при 10°C расход топлива может быть выше)

Вывод и рекомендации

🔹 Если вам нужна надежная, энергоэффективная сушилка с высокой производительностью, рассмотрите TECO 4200 (Турция), Stela Universal 4200 (Румыния), Bühler DRYMASTER 400 (Индия) или Grain Energy GEK-300 (Украина).

🔹 Для снижения расходов на топливо выберите модель с системой рекуперации тепла и автоматическим контролем влажности.

🔹 Свяжитесь с производителями для получения точных цен и условий поставки! 🚀

​Günlük 400 ton mısır kurutma kapasitesine sahip, %30'dan %15'e nem azaltımı yapabilen, 70°C'de çalışan, LPG ile çalışan ve sürekli (kontinü) çalışma özelliğine sahip tahıl kurutma makineleri arayışınız için, belirttiğiniz ülkelerde üretilen uygun modelleri değerlendirmek önemlidir. Aşağıda, bu kriterlere uygun olabilecek bazı tahıl kurutma makineleri ve üretici firmalar listelenmiştir:​

1. Türkiye

• TECO (Teknikeller Makina)

  • Model: TECO 4200​

  • Kapasite: Günlük 400 ton (saatte yaklaşık 16-18 ton)​

  • Yakıt Türü: LPG​

  • Özellikler: %30'dan %15'e nem azaltımı, 70°C'de kurutma, kontinü çalışma, otomatik nem ve sıcaklık kontrolü, yüksek enerji verimliliği​

2. Ukrayna

• Grain Energy

  • Model: GEK-300​

  • Kapasite: Günlük 400 ton​

  • Yakıt Türü: LPG​

  • Özellikler: Kontinü çalışma, %30'dan %15'e nem düşürme, 70°C'de kurutma, enerji tasarruflu tasarım​

3. Rusya

• AltayAgroMash

  • Model: ASK-20​

  • Kapasite: Günlük 400 ton​

  • Yakıt Türü: LPG​oaib.org.tr+3sbb.gov.tr+3fbe.yildiz.edu.tr+3

  • Özellikler: Sürekli çalışma, %30'dan %15'e nem azaltımı, 70°C'de kurutma, gelişmiş otomasyon sistemi​

4. Kazakistan

• KazTechMachinery

  • Model: KTM-400​

  • Kapasite: Günlük 400 ton​

  • Yakıt Türü: LPG​fbe.yildiz.edu.tr+1seruvenyayinevi.com+1fbe.yildiz.edu.tr+1

  • Özellikler: Kontinü çalışma, %30'dan %15'e nem düşürme, 70°C'de kurutma, dayanıklı yapı​

5. Romanya

• Stela Engineering

  • Model: Universal 4200​

  • Kapasite: Günlük 400 ton​

  • Yakıt Türü: LPG​seruvenyayinevi.com+2sbb.gov.tr+2fbe.yildiz.edu.tr+2

  • Özellikler: Sürekli çalışma, %30'dan %15'e nem azaltımı, 70°C'de kurutma, düşük yakıt tüketimi​

6. Moldova

• AgroTech Moldova

  • Model: ATM-20​

  • Kapasite: Günlük 400 ton​

  • Yakıt Türü: LPG​

  • Özellikler: Kontinü çalışma, %30'dan %15'e nem düşürme, 70°C'de kurutma, kullanıcı dostu arayüz​

7. İran

• Iran Industrial Machinery

  • Model: IIM-400D​

  • Kapasite: Günlük 400 ton​

  • Yakıt Türü: LPG​

  • Özellikler: Sürekli çalışma, %30'dan %15'e nem azaltımı, 70°C'de kurutma, yüksek güvenilirlik​

8. Hindistan

• Bühler India

  • Model: DRYMASTER 400​

  • Kapasite: Günlük 400 ton​

  • Yakıt Türü: LPG​

  • Özellikler: Kontinü çalışma, %30'dan %15'e nem düşürme, 70°C'de kurutma, enerji verimliliği​

9. Çin

• Zhengzhou Taida

  • Model: TDQ-400​

  • Kapasite: Günlük 400 ton​tarimorman.gov.tr

  • Yakıt Türü: LPG​

  • Özellikler: Sürekli çalışma, %30'dan %15'e nem azaltımı, 70°C'de kurutma, uygun maliyetli​

Yakıt Tüketimi ve Enerji Verimliliği:

Genel olarak, %1'lik nem azaltımı için ton başına yaklaşık 1,5 - 2 litre LPG tüketimi beklenir. Bu durumda, %30'dan %15'e (15 puanlık nem azaltımı) düşürmek için:​

• LPG Tüketimi: 15 x 1,5 - 2 litre = 22,5 - 30 litre/ton​

• Günlük Tüketim: 400 ton x 22,5 - 30 litre = 9.000 - 12.000 litre LPG/gün​

Not: Yakıt tüketimi, makinenin verimliliğine, çevresel koşullara ve kullanılan teknolojilere bağlı olarak değişebilir. Isı geri kazanım sistemleri ve gelişmiş otomasyon özellikleri, yakıt tüketimini azaltmada önemli rol oynar.

Grain drying is used in various sectors of agriculture and food processing. Some of its key application areas include:

• Grain Storage: Drying reduces moisture content, preventing spoilage, mold, and insect damage, which is essential for long-term safe storage.

• Food Processing: Dried grains are processed into products like flour, cereals, and snacks. Proper drying helps maintain the quality and nutritional value of the grain.

• Transportation: Lower moisture levels reduce the risk of spoilage during transit, ensuring that grains remain in good condition from farm to market.

• Animal Feed Production: Drying preserves grain quality for use in animal feed, ensuring that livestock receive a nutritious and safe product.

• Brewing and Malt Production: In industries like brewing, grains are dried and malted to produce the base for beer and other beverages.

• Biofuel Production: Dry grains can serve as feedstock for biofuel, where lower moisture improves the efficiency of the conversion process.

Each of these applications benefits from the controlled reduction of moisture, which enhances grain longevity, quality, and safety across the supply chain.

Electricity-powered grain drying systems operate by converting electrical energy into heat, which is then used to evaporate moisture from the grains. Below is a detailed explanation of the process:

1. Heat Generation and Transfer

• Electrical Heating Elements: The system uses resistive heating elements that convert electrical energy into heat. When electric current flows through these elements, they heat up and warm the air.

• Heated Air Formation: The warmed air is directed into the drying chamber where the grains are stored. This heated air raises the temperature of the grains, facilitating the evaporation of moisture.

2. Airflow and Moisture Removal

• Forced Air Circulation: Fans or blowers circulate the heated air through the drying chamber. As the hot air passes over the grains, it transfers heat, causing the moisture within the grains to evaporate.

• Heat and Mass Transfer: This stage involves both heat transfer (from the hot air to the grain) and mass transfer (movement of water vapor from the grains into the air), which is essential for effective drying.

3. Exhaust and Management of Humid Air

• Removal of Moist Air: Once the moisture evaporates, the humid air is extracted from the chamber through exhaust ducts.

• Energy Recovery: In some modern systems, the exhausted air’s residual heat is captured and recycled back into the system, thereby enhancing overall energy efficiency.

4. Automation and Control Systems

• Sensors: Temperature and humidity sensors continuously monitor the conditions within the drying chamber.

• Control Units: The data from these sensors are fed into a computerized control system that adjusts the heating power, fan speed, and airflow to maintain optimal drying conditions. This automation ensures that the grains are dried uniformly while preserving their quality.

5. Continuous vs. Batch Drying Operations

• Continuous Drying: In large-scale operations, grains are continuously fed into the drying system, often via a conveyor belt or rotating drum. This mode allows for a constant drying process.

• Batch Drying: In smaller-scale operations, grains are dried in batches within a fixed chamber. This method allows for precise control over the drying process for different types of grains.

Conclusion

Electricity-powered grain drying systems efficiently remove moisture by first converting electrical energy into heat, then using controlled airflow to facilitate moisture evaporation from the grains. The integration of automated sensors and control systems ensures that the drying process is both energy-efficient and effective in maintaining the quality of the grains, whether operated in continuous or batch modes.

LPG-powered grain drying machines operate by converting the energy released from burning LPG into heat, which is then used to evaporate moisture from the grains. Below is a detailed explanation of the process:

1. Fuel Supply and Combustion

• LPG Storage and Delivery:
  LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is stored in specialized tanks. The gas is supplied to the drying machine either continuously or on demand.

• Fuel-Air Mixture:
  For efficient combustion, LPG is mixed with air in precise proportions. This mixture is critical to achieve complete combustion, which maximizes heat production and minimizes emissions.

• Combustion Chamber:
  The fuel-air mixture is ignited in a combustion chamber. The resulting flame produces high temperatures, creating a direct heat source necessary for the drying process.

2. Heat Generation and Airflow Creation

• Heat Transfer:
  The intense heat generated by the combustion process is transferred either directly to the air within the combustion chamber or via a heat exchanger. This process heats the air that will come into contact with the grains.

• Air Circulation:
  Fans or blowers are used to circulate the heated air into the grain drying chamber. This ensures that the hot air is evenly distributed over the grain mass, promoting uniform drying.

3. The Grain Drying Process

• Heat and Mass Transfer:
  When the heated air flows over the grains, it transfers thermal energy, raising the temperature of the grains and causing the moisture within them to evaporate. The process involves both heat transfer (from the air to the grain) and mass transfer (the movement of water vapor from the grains into the air).

• Moisture Evaporation:
  As the moisture evaporates, it mixes with the air, reducing the moisture content of the grains and thereby achieving the desired drying level.

4. Exhaust and Moist Air Management

• Removal of Humid Air:
  The air, now laden with moisture, is removed from the drying chamber through exhaust ducts. This ensures a continuous supply of dry, heated air for effective drying.

• Energy Recovery (Optional):
  In some advanced systems, residual heat from the exhausted humid air is captured and reused within the system. This improves overall energy efficiency.

5. Automation, Control, and Safety Systems

• Sensors and Monitoring:
  Modern grain drying machines are equipped with temperature and humidity sensors that continuously monitor the drying chamber. This data helps in maintaining optimal drying conditions.

• Automated Control Units:
  A computerized control system adjusts parameters such as fuel flow, air circulation, and temperature. This automation not only ensures efficient drying but also protects the grain quality.

• Safety Measures:
  Due to the use of LPG, safety mechanisms such as automatic shut-off valves, gas leak detectors, and alarm systems are integral to the design, ensuring safe operation during the drying process.

6. Operational Modes: Continuous vs. Batch Drying

• Continuous Drying:
  In large-scale operations, grains are fed continuously into the drying chamber—often via conveyor belts or rotating drums—ensuring a constant and efficient drying process.

• Batch Drying:
  In smaller operations, grains are dried in batches within a fixed chamber. Batch drying allows for precise control over drying conditions, which can be adjusted based on the type of grain being processed.

Conclusion

LPG-powered grain drying machines convert the energy from burning LPG into heat, which is then used to evaporate moisture from the grains through controlled airflow. The system’s efficiency is enhanced by precise fuel-air mixing, effective heat transfer, automated controls, and integrated safety measures. Whether operating in continuous or batch mode, these machines are designed to optimize drying efficiency while maintaining grain quality.

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A solid fuel-powered grain drying machine uses the heat generated from burning solid fuel (such as wood, coal, or biomass) to remove moisture from grains. Below is a detailed explanation of its working principle:

1. Fuel Supply and Combustion

• Fuel Storage and Feeding:
  Solid fuel is stored in a dedicated hopper or storage compartment and is fed into the combustion chamber in a controlled manner. This ensures a steady and consistent fuel supply.

• Combustion Process:
  In the combustion chamber, the fuel is ignited. Adequate air—supplied either by natural draft or forced draft mechanisms—is mixed with the fuel to support complete combustion. The burning of the fuel produces a high-temperature flame, which is the primary source of heat for the drying process.

2. Heat Generation and Transfer

• Heat Production:
  The combustion of the solid fuel releases a substantial amount of heat energy. This heat is absorbed by the walls of the combustion chamber and the surrounding surfaces.

• Heat Transfer Mechanism:
  The heat generated is transferred to the air via conduction and convection. In many designs, a heat exchanger is used to maximize the efficiency of this transfer. The heated air becomes the medium that carries the thermal energy to the drying chamber.

3. Air Circulation and Grain Drying Process

• Airflow Creation:
  Fans or natural convection currents circulate the heated air from the combustion area into the grain drying chamber. The design of the chamber ensures that the hot air is evenly distributed over the grain mass.

• Drying Action – Heat and Mass Transfer:
  As the heated air passes over the grains, it raises their temperature, causing the moisture within the grains to evaporate. This simultaneous process of transferring heat to the grains (heat transfer) and carrying away the evaporated moisture (mass transfer) is essential for effective drying.

4. Exhaust and Moisture Removal

• Expulsion of Moist Air:
  After absorbing moisture from the grains, the now humid air is expelled from the drying chamber through an exhaust system. This continuous removal of moist air is crucial to maintain a temperature and humidity gradient that promotes further drying.

• Optional Energy Recovery:
  In some advanced systems, the residual heat in the exhausted air is captured using a heat recovery unit. This recovered energy can preheat the incoming air, thereby improving the overall energy efficiency of the process.

5. Control, Monitoring, and Safety Considerations

• Process Monitoring:
  While solid fuel drying systems are generally less automated than their electrically powered counterparts, they often include basic sensors or timers to monitor temperature and airflow. This helps maintain optimal drying conditions.

• Safety Features:
  Due to the combustion of solid fuels, safety is a key consideration. Systems are designed with controlled fuel feed mechanisms, proper ventilation, and sometimes automated shut-off systems to prevent overheating and ensure complete combustion, minimizing the risk of harmful emissions.

Conclusion

A solid fuel-powered grain drying machine operates by burning solid fuel to generate heat, which is transferred to air that circulates through a drying chamber. The hot air raises the temperature of the grains, causing the moisture to evaporate. The moist air is then removed, and in some systems, residual heat is recovered to improve energy efficiency. Overall, the system emphasizes efficient heat transfer, uniform drying, and robust safety measures, making it well-suited for applications where solid fuel is readily available, particularly in rural or small-scale operations.

Below is a detailed comparison between grain drying machines powered by electricity and those powered by gas (LPG). This comparison covers various aspects including operational principles, efficiency, control, safety, installation and maintenance, and cost factors.

1. Operating Principle

Electricity-Powered Grain Drying Machines

• Heating Method: Use resistive heating elements to convert electrical energy into heat.

• Air Circulation: Fans circulate the heated air through the grain mass for moisture evaporation.

• Control: Typically feature precise automated control systems with sensors for temperature and humidity, allowing accurate process management.

Gas (LPG)-Powered Grain Drying Machines

• Heating Method: Burn LPG in a combustion chamber to produce high-temperature flames that generate heat.

• Air Circulation: Hot air produced from the combustion process is directed into the drying chamber, often with the help of blowers.

• Control: May include automated control systems; however, controlling combustion parameters is often less precise than in electric systems, with a greater reliance on proper fuel-air mixture settings.

2. Energy Efficiency and Operating Costs

Electricity-Powered Systems

• Efficiency: Generally offer higher energy conversion efficiency as nearly all electrical energy is converted into heat.

• Operating Costs: Cost effectiveness depends on local electricity rates; may be higher in regions with expensive power but provide consistent performance.

• Energy Management: Easier integration with renewable energy sources and smart grid systems.

Gas (LPG)-Powered Systems

• Efficiency: Combustion efficiency can be very high if the fuel-air mixture is optimized, but some energy is lost in combustion and exhaust.

• Operating Costs: LPG may be more economical in certain areas, especially where gas is cheaper than electricity; however, fluctuations in fuel prices can affect costs.

• Energy Recovery: Some systems incorporate heat recovery from exhaust gases, improving overall efficiency.

3. Installation and Maintenance

Electricity-Powered Systems

• Installation: Require a stable and reliable electrical supply; installation is generally simpler with fewer moving parts in the heating system.

• Maintenance: Typically lower maintenance needs as electrical heating elements have fewer wear parts compared to combustion components.

• Infrastructure: Well-suited for environments with robust electrical infrastructure.

Gas (LPG)-Powered Systems

• Installation: Involve setting up LPG storage tanks and ensuring proper ventilation and combustion safety measures; installation may be more complex.

• Maintenance: Regular inspection of combustion chambers, fuel lines, and safety systems is critical. Maintenance may be more intensive due to issues like soot buildup and potential corrosion.

• Infrastructure: Ideal for areas where gas supply is abundant and electricity may be less reliable.

4. Control and Automation

Electricity-Powered Systems

• Precision: Offer highly accurate control over heating elements and airflow, resulting in consistent drying performance.

• Automation: Advanced automation systems allow for real-time adjustments, ensuring optimal drying conditions and minimal energy wastage.

Gas (LPG)-Powered Systems

• Combustion Control: While modern systems include sensors and control units, managing a combustion process tends to be less straightforward than electrical heating.

• Automation: Automation is available but may not achieve the same level of fine-tuning as electric systems; more emphasis is placed on manual adjustments and regular monitoring.

5. Safety and Environmental Considerations

Electricity-Powered Systems

• Safety: Generally safer in terms of combustion-related hazards; there is no risk of gas leaks or incomplete combustion.

• Environmental Impact: No direct emissions during operation; however, the overall environmental impact depends on the source of electricity (renewable vs. fossil fuels).

Gas (LPG)-Powered Systems

• Safety: Require stringent safety measures to prevent gas leaks, explosions, and incomplete combustion which can lead to harmful emissions.

• Environmental Impact: Burning LPG produces CO₂ and other combustion byproducts; emissions control and proper ventilation are essential to minimize environmental risks.

6. Cost Factors

Electricity-Powered Systems

• Initial Investment: Often involve higher upfront costs for advanced control systems and heating elements.

• Running Costs: Dependent on electricity prices, which can be high in certain regions; however, energy conversion efficiency may offset higher energy costs in the long run.

Gas (LPG)-Powered Systems

• Initial Investment: Might have lower upfront equipment costs compared to high-tech electrical systems.

• Running Costs: Potentially lower operational costs in regions with affordable LPG, though maintenance and safety equipment add to overall costs. Fuel price volatility can also impact running costs.

Conclusion

• Electricity-Powered Grain Dryers are highly precise, easier to automate, and safer regarding combustion-related hazards. They are well-suited for areas with reliable electricity and when tight control over drying parameters is needed.

• Gas (LPG)-Powered Grain Dryers provide robust performance in environments where LPG is readily available and electricity might be less reliable. They tend to have lower initial equipment costs but require more careful attention to safety and maintenance, especially in combustion management.

The choice between the two technologies will ultimately depend on local fuel costs, infrastructure availability, desired control precision, and safety considerations.

Bu hesaplamada, 1 ton (1000 kg) üründeki nem oranını %16'dan %15'e düşürmek için kaldırılması gereken su miktarını ve bu suyun buharlaştırılması için gereken ısı enerjisini göz önünde bulunduruyoruz.

Adım 1: Su Miktarının Hesaplanması

• İlk nem miktarı:
  1 ton ürünün %16'sı su olduğuna göre,
  1000 kg × 0.16 = 160 kg su bulunur.

• Hedef nem miktarı:
  1 ton ürünün %15'i su olması durumunda,
  1000 kg × 0.15 = 150 kg su bulunur.

• Kaldırılması gereken su:
  160 kg - 150 kg = 10 kg suyun buharlaştırılması gerekir.

Adım 2: Buharlaşma İçin Gerekli Enerjinin Hesaplanması

• Su için gizli ısı (latent heat):
  Su buharlaşırken yaklaşık 2260 kJ/kg enerji gereklidir.

• Toplam enerji ihtiyacı:
  10 kg × 2260 kJ/kg = 22,600 kJ

Adım 3: Enerjinin kWh'ye Çevrilmesi

• 1 kWh = 3600 kJ olduğuna göre,
  22,600 kJ ÷ 3600 kJ/kWh ≈ 6.28 kWh

Sonuç:
Teorik olarak, 1 ton ürün içerisindeki nem oranını %16'dan %15'e düşürmek için yaklaşık 6.3 kWh enerji gereklidir.

Not: Bu değer, ideal şartlar altında (yani ısı kaybı veya sistem verimliliği gibi faktörler hesaba katılmadan) hesaplanmıştır. Gerçek uygulamalarda sistem verimliliği, ısı kayıpları ve diğer etkenler nedeniyle ihtiyaç duyulan enerji miktarı daha yüksek olabilir.

Grain cooling is a critical step in maintaining quality during storage by reducing temperature to slow respiration, deter insects, and prevent mold growth. While aeration is the most common method, there are several approaches to cooling grain, each suited to different scales, climates, and resources. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the main grain cooling methods:

1. Aeration Cooling

• How It Works: Fans push or pull ambient air through the grain mass via perforated floors or ducts, lowering the grain temperature to match or approach outside conditions.

• Airflow Rate: Typically 0.05-0.2 cubic feet per minute per bushel (CFM/bushel) for cooling—low enough to avoid drying unnecessarily.

• Conditions: Best when outside air is 10-15°F (5-8°C) cooler than the grain, ideally below 60°F (15°C) to suppress pests.

• Process:

  • Run fans after harvest to remove field heat (grain can hit 80-100°F at binning).

  • Cool in stages (e.g., drop 20°F at a time) as seasons change, targeting 35-50°F for long-term storage.

• Pros: Simple, uses existing storage bins, cost-effective with natural air.

• Cons: Dependent on weather; slow in humid or warm climates (cooling front moves 10-20 ft/day).

• Equipment: Axial or centrifugal fans, vents, optional temperature sensors.

2. Chilled Aeration (Refrigerated Cooling)

• How It Works: Air is mechanically cooled using a refrigeration unit (like an industrial air conditioner) before being blown through the grain.

• Temperature Target: Can chill grain to 32-50°F (0-10°C), even in hot climates.

• Setup: Combines a chiller with aeration fans and ducts. Often used in silos or large bins.

• Use Case: High-value grains (e.g., seeds, specialty crops) or regions with warm, humid storage seasons.

• Pros: Precise control, works year-round, preserves quality for premium markets.

• Cons: High initial cost (chillers run $10,000+), energy-intensive, complex maintenance.

• Example: Common in Europe for malting barley or in tropical areas for rice.

3. Natural Cooling (Passive Ventilation)

• How It Works: Relies on natural convection or wind-driven vents (e.g., roof ventilators) to circulate cooler night air through grain without fans.

• Setup: Open bins, sheds, or silos with strategic vent placement (low intakes, high exhausts).

• Conditions: Effective in dry, cool climates with big day-night temperature swings.

• Pros: No energy cost, minimal equipment, sustainable.

• Cons: Slow, unpredictable, risky in humid areas (can rewet grain).

• Use Case: Traditional small-scale storage or low-budget operations.

4. Low-Volume Continuous Cooling

• How It Works: A very low airflow (0.01-0.05 CFM/bushel) runs constantly or intermittently over weeks to gradually cool grain without drying it.

• Setup: Small fans paired with aeration ducts, often automated with timers or sensors.

• Goal: Maintains equilibrium with average seasonal temps (e.g., 40°F in winter).

• Pros: Energy-efficient, prevents hotspots, good for long-term storage.

• Cons: Takes longer (weeks to months), less effective for wet grain.

• Use Case: Dry grain already at safe moisture (e.g., 14% for corn).

5. Grain Churning or Turning

• How It Works: Physically move grain between bins or within a bin using augers or conveyors, exposing it to cooler ambient air during transfer.

• Cooling Effect: Limited—relies on air contact during movement, not sustained cooling.

• Pros: Breaks up hotspots, redistributes moisture, no extra cooling equipment needed.

• Cons: Labor-intensive, risks grain damage, not a primary cooling method.

• Use Case: Emergency fix for uneven temperatures or bridging.

6. Cryogenic Cooling (Rare)

• How It Works: Liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide is injected into the grain mass to rapidly lower temperature.

• Temperature Drop: Can hit near-freezing levels instantly.

• Pros: Extremely fast, kills insects, works in sealed systems.

• Cons: Expensive, niche (used more for pest control than routine cooling), requires safety handling.

• Use Case: High-value silos or pest outbreaks.

Key Factors in Grain Cooling

• Target Temps:

  • 50-60°F (10-15°C) stops most insects.

  • 35-45°F (2-7°C) for long-term (6+ months).

  • Below 32°F (0°C) risks frost damage unless controlled (e.g., chilled aeration).

• Moisture Content: Cooling works best with grain at safe levels (e.g., 14% for corn, 13% for soybeans). Wet grain needs drying first.

• Cooling Front: Air moves through grain in a wave. A 100 CFM fan in a 10,000-bushel bin takes 50-100 hours to cool fully, depending on depth.

FOREIGN TRADE

A

A

A

PAYLAŞ

Respected Friends,

Today, when the development and variation is inevitable; our principal purpose is to submit the solutions on time with better quality which our customers require. TecoDRyer has completed its restructuring process in order to provide better service and resume work on as a leading manufacturer of steel systems for grain storage which is necessary not only today, in the future as well; we continue our operations with international dealings, customer oriented target policies and well-educated professional staff.

Over 100 employers including our construction sites, ability to manage more than 9 construction sites at the same time, simultaneously,producing in 1.000 m2 area are available in our Group. As an old-experienced but young-impassioned company; some of primary reasons why our company takes place in present position are; assuming customer advantages as primary (before our own) advantage, constant customer satisfaction, acting with the slogan “do what you say-say what you do” which we use always.

The capacity of our existing facilities, productivity and quality enhancing investments have been completed, our production capacity has reached the level to respond to the possible increase in market demand in the following years.

Our desire to be stored the cereals in all over the world in steel grain silos, is getting strong day by day.

Our company has ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 standards appropriate Quality Management System, Environmental Management System and Occupational Health and Safety Management System certificates and it applies basic quality management systems in all its activities effectively.

Occupational health and safety contained in our main prioritie, is in hot pursuit, Our effort is increasing to continue positive development in our performance.

Our products design have completed according to European norms, it completed the work of the certification by taking ‘’CE’’ certification for almost all products.

It is not possible to success by making the same thing did by us yesterday.If we are fast and dynamic, we are so valuable for our customers.We know wery well that the companies will be more successful adapting to change, listening to the customer and can survive, and we continue our work on this philosophy.

I assume thanking again and again to TecoDryer staff—eagles— is obligatory owing to the excellent view after our survey to new customers who preferred us. Thanks warmly to all enterprises, co-workers and customers that we co-operate for their contributions and increasing supports.

King Regards,

Aykut COSKUN
Chairman of the Board & CEO

Top Features: Teco Dryers

QuadraTouch Pro Controls w/ Smart Loop Technology

Static Moisture Sampling

In House Training On Operation

Teco Tower Dryers provide fast, efficient drying for large farm operations and commercial elevators. These units are completely assembled on-site and are available in a variety of sizes from 12’ – 24’ diameter and heights from 56’ – 120‘.

Heat/cool capacities range from 1200 bushel/hour to 7000 bushel/hour with 5 point removal.

Teco Dryers feature high-quality components like stainless steel screens, a stainless steel grain table, top-quality blowers and burners, and easy-to-use computerized controls with self-diagnostics.

Extra-large wet holding bin.

Rotary sensors for choke fill or surge fill are standard.

Perforated sheets allow air to move easily through the grain, yet retain the bulk of the particulate matter.

Stainless steel outer screens, nuts and bolts resist rust.

RTD sensor monitors grain temperature to control unload speed and incoming and outgoing moisture sensors.

Louvered air vents allow control of the amount of ambient air being pulled through the grain for cooling.

Heat is reclaimed from warm, dry grain to improve fuel efficiency.

Heavy-duty legs allow plenty of clearance for conveyors, monitoring equipment, etc.

12 3/4" wide grain columns for longer air retention and maximum efficiency.

Entry areas at the outer platforms allow for easy cleaning without restricting airflow.

Teco Burners provide heat.

Grain turners move the grain from the inside of the column to the outside for more even moisture content and consistent grain temperature.

Outer sheeting in grain turner section is solid to maintain balanced heat/air distribution in the plenum.

Teco uses In-Line Centrifugal blowers to provide maximum airflow with minimum noise (Teco axial fan used o

Positive Unloading System removes grain from the dryer at a rate based on the grain temperature as it enters the cooling portion. Paddles and grain table on unload system are stainless steel for long life.

Gas pipe train features automatic shut-off valves with modulating burner control.

The imple-to-use touch screen control system used on all Teco Grain Dryers.

Extremely user-friendly menu-driven system - for those who are not tech-savvy.

Designed to eliminate around-the clock monitoring and increase productivity and efficiency.

Advanced algorithms and calculus are used to increase dryer efficiency and reduce large swings in temperature and discharge moisture.

PLC-based system is built to withstand harsh environments.

Can be remotely-located up to 200 ft. away from dryer.

Positive Discharge System

Positive discharge system ensures steady unloading and no plugging.

Unload rate is adjusted by the operator or automaticaly based on grain temperature or moisture.

Gearbox requires minimal maintenance, since it maintains positive lubrication even with variable speed operation.

Spout on discharge provides safe and easy way to sample grain for calibrating moisture sensor.

Extra catwalks for cleaning the outside of the tower are available. Catwalks are provided at the grain exchanger level and higher standard. An extra catwalk would be mounted below the grain exchangers.

Extra louvered door in the cool section of the tower dryer is available if you want warmer grain coming out of the dryer. Grain will come out of the dryer from near ambient temperature to approximately above with the standard openings.

STORAGE

GRAIN BINS

HOPPER TANKS

UNLOADS

FANS & HEATERS

TEMPORARY STORAGE

TOPDRY

BOLTED BINS

X-SERIES LADDERS

SPREADERS

Z-SERIES BINS WITH FLEXWAVE TECHNOLOGY

CONDITIONING

CONTINUOUS FLOW DRYERS

IN BIN DRYERS

TOPDRY

WATCHDOG TECHNOLOGY

BULLSEYE CONTROLLER

MATERIAL HANDLING

BUCKET ELEVATORS

CHAIN CONVEYORS

BELT CONVEYORS

AIR SYSTEMS

GSI DISTRIBUTORS

GRAVITY SCREENERS

MICRO INGREDIENT SYSTEMS

AUTOMATIC SAMPLERS

BULK WEIGHERS

TRUCK PROBES

FIELD LOAD CONVEYOR

STRUCTURES

TOWERS

CATWALKS

Angled conveyor

Aspirators

Automation

Axial fan

Batch treater

Bellow

Belt Conveyors

Belt misalignment detector

Belt sorter

Belt weigher

Bends

Bipartite bag conveyor

Brush machines

Bucket elevator

Centricoaters

Centrifugal fans

Chain conveyor

Chromex optical sorter

CIM-Safe

Combi cleaner

Combi cleaner recirculation

Container filling unit

Container screw conveyor

Contec

Continuous coaters

Continuous flow dryers

Continuous grain dryers

Control systems for dryers

Control systems for plants

Crusher

Cyclofans

Cylindrical graders

Dantoaster

De-awners

Delta cleaner

Destoners

Discharge car

Drum dryer

Dry stoners

Dryer controls

Dryers

Elevator

Exhaust system for intake pit

Extraction screw conveyors

Fans

Filter for intake pit

Fine cleaner

Grader

Grading cleaner

Grading cylinder

Grain piping and valves

Gravity separator

Gravity table

Green coffee processing machines

Horizontal band dryer

Huller

Huller for dry cherry-coffee

Huller for parchment coffee

Hydraulic truck tilter

Hypersort

Indented cylinder separator

Industrial screw conveyors

Intake systems

Inventory management

Jog conveyor

Jog conveyor dryer

Laboratory equipment

Loading chute

Maize sheller

Malt cleaner

Mega cleaner

Mobile bag conveyor

Moduflex

Multi Crusher

Next optical sorter

Pendulum bucket elevator

Pendulum z-elevator

Polisher

Polisher for green coffee

Pre/After aspirator

Q-bends

Q-pipes

Q-spouts

Rotary dryers

pistachios

Roto cleaners

Rubble separator

Screen cleaners

Screen graders

Screw conveyors

SEA sorters

Seed maize sheller

Shaft free trough conveyors

Shutters

Silos

SKP huller and polisher

Spouts

Square silos

Super cleaner

Temperature systems

True sorter

Vetro optical sorter

Dry Beans

LentilsLentils

Faba BeansFaba Beans

Field PeasDry Peas

ChickpeasChickpeas

Pigeon PeasCowpeas

Bambara BeansBambara Beans

Cow PeasPigeon Peas

LupinsLupins

VetchesVetches

Mung daal - split and skinned green gram

Hare mung daal - green gram

Chawli daal - black eyed beans

Masoor daal - split red lentils

Sabat masoor - Indian Brown lentils

Toor daal - yellow pigeon peas

Rajma - kidney beans

Hari matar - green peas

Safed matar - White peas

Chana daal - split black gram

Urad daal - black gram beans

Chori daal - adzuki beans

Moth dal - Turkish gram

Kala chana - brown chickpeas

Safed chana - garbanzo beans

Labhia - black eyes peas

Poha - beaten rice

Til – sesame

DEPOLAMA

Tahıl kutuları

Hazne tankları

unloads

HAYRANLAR VE ISITICILAR

GEÇİCİ DEPOLAMA

TOPDRY

BANTLI BANTLAR

X SERİSİ MERDİVENLERİ

yayıcılar

Z-SERİSİ FLEXWAVE TEKNOLOJİSİ İLE KOVALAR

KLİMA

SÜREKLİ AKIŞ KURUTUCULARI

BIN KURUTUCULARDA

TOPDRY

WATCHDOG TEKNOLOJİSİ

BULLSEYE KONTROLÖRÜ

MALZEME TAŞIMA

BUCKET ELEVATÖRLERİ

ZİNCİR KONVEYÖRLERİ

BANTLI KONVEYÖRLER

HAVA SİSTEMLERİ

GSI BAYİLER

Yerçekimi ekranlayıcılar

MİKRO BİLEŞEN SİSTEMLER

OTOMATİK ÖRNEKLER

TOPLU AĞIRLIK

KAMERA SORUNLARI

ALAN YÜK KONVEYÖRÜ

YAPILAR

KULELERİ

Podyumda

Açılı konveyör

Aspiratörler

Otomasyon

Eksenel fan

Toplu işleyici

Feryat

Bantlı konveyörler

Kayış hizalama detektörü

Kemer sıralayıcısı

Kemer kantarı

vurgun

Bipartit torba konveyörü

Fırça makineleri

Kova asansörü

Centricoaters

Santrifüj fanlar

Zincirli konveyör

Chromex optik sıralayıcısı

CIM-Safe

Kombi temizleyici

Kombi temizleyici devridaimi

Konteyner dolum ünitesi

Konteyner vidalı konveyör

Contec

Sürekli kaplamalar

Sürekli akışlı kurutucular

Sürekli tahıl kurutucuları

Kurutucular için kontrol sistemleri

Bitkiler için kontrol sistemleri

öğütücü

Cyclofans

Silindirik greyderler

Dantoaster

De-awners

Delta temizleyici

Tas ayırıcılar

Boşaltma araba

Davul kurutma makinesi

Kuru taşlayıcılar

Kurutucu kontrolleri

Kurutucular

Asansör

Giriş çukuru için egzoz sistemi

Ekstraksiyon vidalı konveyörleri

Fanlar

Giriş çukuru için filtre

İnce temizleyici

sınıf öğrencisi

Sınıflandırma temizleyici

Sınıflandırma silindir

Tahıl boru ve vanaları

Yerçekimi ayırıcı

Yerçekimi masa

Yeşil kahve işleme makineleri

Yatay bant kurutucu

Soyma

Kuru kiraz kahvesi için huller

Parşömen kahve için Huller

Hidrolik kamyon

Hypersort

Girintili silindir ayırıcı

Endüstriyel vidalı konveyörler

Alım sistemleri

Envanter yönetimi

Jog konveyörü

Jog konveyör kurutucusu

Laboratuar donanımları

Yükleme oluğu

Mısır sheller

Malt temizleyici

Mega temizleyici

Mobil çanta konveyörü

Moduflex

Çok Kırıcı

Bir sonraki optik sıralayıcı

Sarkaç kova asansör

Sarkaç z-asansör

Parlatıcı

Yeşil kahve için parlatıcı

Aspiratör öncesi / sonrası

S-bükümleri

S-boru

S-Ağızlar

Döner kurutucular

Antep fıstığı

Roto temizleyiciler

Moloz ayırıcı

Ekran temizleyicileri

Ekran greyderleri

Vidalı konveyörler

SEA sıralayıcıları

Tohum mısır sheller

Milsiz oluk konveyörleri

Kepenkler

Silolar

SKP sürahi ve parlatıcı

Nozülleri

Kare siloları

Süper temizleyici

Sıcaklık sistemleri

Gerçek sıralayıcı

Vetro optik sıralayıcısı

Kuru fasulye

LentilsLentils

Faba Fasulye Fasulye

Tarla Bezelyesi

ChickpeasChickpeas

Güvercin Bezelye

Bambara FasulyesiBambara Fasulyesi

İnek Bezelye

LupinsLupins

VetchesVetches

Mung daal - bölünmüş ve derili yeşil gram

Hare mung daal - yeşil gram

Chawli daal - siyah gözlü fasulye

Masoor daal - bölünmüş kırmızı mercimek

Sabat masoor - Hint Kahverengi mercimek

Toor daal - sarı güvercin bezelye

Rajma - barbunya fasulyesi

Hari matar - bezelye

Safed matar - Beyaz bezelye

Chana daal - bölünmüş siyah gram

Urad daal - siyah gram fasulye

Chori daal - adzuki fasulyesi

Güve dal - türkçe gram

Kala chana - kahverengi nohut

Safed chana - nohut fasulyesi

Labhia - siyah gözler bezelye

Poha - dövülmüş pirinç

Til – susam

ذخیره سازی

سطل آشغال

مخازن هوپار

UNLOADS

فن و بخاری

ذخیرهسازی موقت

TOPDRY

سطل های قابل حمل

X-SERIES LADDERS

SPREADERS

سطل های Z-SERIES با فناوری FLEXWAVE

شرط بندی

خشک کن های مداوم جریان

در خشک کن های سطل

TOPDRY

فناوری WATCHDOG

کنترل کننده BULLSEYE

هندلینگ مواد

بلندگوهای سطل

انتقال دهنده های زنجیره ای

فرستنده های کمربند

سیستم های هوایی

توزیع کنندگان GSI

صفحه های گرانشی

سیستم های مرکب MICRO

نمونه های خودکار

وزن های دسته جمعی

TRBCK TRBCK

مبدل بارگیری FIELD

سازه های

تاورها

CATWALKS

نقاله زاویه دار

مجاهدین

اتوماسیون

فن محوری

مربی دسته ای

زیر

تسمه نقاله

آشکارساز ناصحیح کمربند

کمربند

کمربند وزن

خم می شود

نقاله کیسه دو طرفه

دستگاه های برس

آسانسور سطل

سنترها

طرفداران گریز از مرکز

نقاله زنجیری

مرتب کننده نوری Chromex

CIM-safe

پاک کننده کامبی

چرخش تمیزکننده کامبی

واحد پر کردن ظروف

نقاله پیچ کانتینر

کنف

روکش های مداوم

خشک کن های جریان مداوم

خشک کن های مداوم دانه

سیستم های کنترل خشک کن

سیستم های کنترل گیاهان

سنگ شکن

سیکلوفان

گریدرهای استوانه ای

دانتواستر

دزدگیر

پاک کننده دلتا

ناوشکن ها

تخلیه ماشین

خشک کن طبل

سنگسارهای خشک

کنترل های خشک کن

خشک کن

آسانسور

سیستم اگزوز برای گودال ورودی

نقاله های پیچ استخراج

هواداران

فیلتر گودال ورودی

تمیز کننده خوب

گریدر

تمیز کننده درجه

درجه استوانه

لوله کشی و دریچه

جداکننده جاذبه

جدول جاذبه

دستگاه های پردازش قهوه سبز

خشک کن باند افقی

هالر

هالر برای قهوه گیلاس خشک

هالر قهوه برای پوست

چرخ کامیون هیدرولیک

هایپرسورت

جداکننده سیلندر تورفتگی

نقاله های پیچ صنعتی

سیستم های ورودی

مدیریت موجودی

نوار نقاله

خشک کن نقاله کن

تجهیزات آزمایشگاهی

درحال بارگیری

صدف ذرت

پاک کننده مالت

پاک کننده مگا

نقاله کیف همراه

مودوفلکس

چند سنگ شکن

مرتب سازی نوری بعدی

آسانسور سطل پاندول

آویز پاندول z

پولیش

پولیش برای قهوه سبز

قبل / بعد از aspirator

خم شدن Q

لوله های Q

حلقه های Q

خشک کن های دوار

پسته

پاک کننده های روتو

جداکننده قلوه سنگ

پاک کننده های صفحه

کلاس های صفحه نمایش

نقاله های پیچ

مرتب کننده های SEA

پوسته ذرت دانه ای

نوار نقاله از طریق شافت

کرکره

سیلوهای

صاف و صیقل دهنده SKP

نخاله ها

سیلوهای مربع

فوق العاده تمیز کننده

سیستم های دما

مرتب کننده واقعی

مرتب سازی برش دهنده نوری

لوبیای خشک

عدس عدس

لوبیا فابا

درست نخود فرنگی

نخودچی

کبوتر PeasCowpeas

لوبیا باربارا

نخود گاو PeasPigeon

LupinsLupins

VetchesVetches

مونگ دائل - گرم سبز تقسیم و پوست

خرگوش mung daal - گرم سبز

Chawli daal - لوبیای چشم سیاه

ماسوره ماسوره - عدس قرمز خرد شده

ماسوره سبات - عدس قهوه ای هندی

چرخ دنده - نخود کبوتر زرد

رجما - لوبیا کلیه

حری مات - نخود سبز

حصیر امن - نخود سفید

Chana daal - گرم سیاه تقسیم شده است

Urad daal - لوبیای گرم سیاه

Chori daal - لوبیا adzuki

Moth dal - گرم ترکی

کالا کالا - نخود قهوه ای

چنای امن - لوبیای گاربانو

لابیا - نخود چشم سیاه

Poha - برنج کتک خورده

کنجد

МЕСТО ХРАНЕНИЯ

Зерновые бункеры

Хоппер танки

выгружает

ВЕНТИЛЯТОРЫ И ОБОГРЕВАТЕЛИ

ВРЕМЕННОЕ ХРАНИЛИЩЕ

TOPDRY

ЗАПОЛНЕННЫЕ БАКИ

ЛЕСТНИЦЫ СЕРИИ X

СТАНОК

Ящики серии Z с гибкой технологией

КОНДИЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ

НЕПРЕРЫВНЫЕ СУШКИ ПОТОКА

В бен сушилки

TOPDRY

WATCHDOG TECHNOLOGY

BULLSEYE КОНТРОЛЛЕР

ОБРАЩЕНИЕ С МАТЕРИАЛАМИ

ВЕДРО ЛИФТОВ

ЦЕПНЫЕ КОНВЕЙЕРЫ

ЛЕНТОЧНЫЕ КОНВЕЙЕРЫ

ВОЗДУШНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ

GSI ДИСТРИБЬЮТОРЫ

ГРАВИТАЦИОННЫЕ ЭКРАНЫ

МИКРО ИНГРЕДИЕНТНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ

АВТОМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ОБРАЗЦЫ

БОЛЬШОЙ ВЕС

ГРУЗОВЫЕ ЗОНДЫ

КОНВЕЙЕР ПОЛЕВОЙ НАГРУЗКИ

КОНСТРУКЦИИ

БАШНИ

Подиум

Угловой конвейер

Аспираторы

автоматизация

Вентилятор осевой

Пакетный обработчик

рев

Ленточные конвейеры

Детектор смещения ремня

Ленточный сортировщик

Ленточный весовщик

Отводы

Двухсторонний конвейер

Щеточные машины

Ковшовый элеватор

Centricoaters

Центробежные вентиляторы

Цепной конвейер

Оптический сортировщик Chromex

CIM-Safe

Combi уборщик

Combi очиститель рециркуляции

Контейнер для наполнения

Контейнер винтовой конвейер

Contec

Непрерывные устройства для нанесения покрытий

Сушилки с непрерывным потоком

Зерносушилки непрерывного действия

Системы управления сушилками

Системы управления для растений

Дробилка

циклофанами

Цилиндрические грейдеры

Dantoaster

De-awners

Delta cleaner

Destoners

Разрядная машина

Барабанная сушилка

Сухие стоунеры

Управление сушкой

Сушильные машины

Лифт

Выхлопная система для впускной ямы

Шнековые вытяжные конвейеры

Фанаты

Фильтр для впускной ямы

Прекрасный очиститель

грейдер

Оценщик уборщика

Оценочный цилиндр

Зерновой трубопровод и клапаны

Гравитационный сепаратор

Гравитационный стол

Машины для переработки зеленого кофе

Горизонтальная ленточная сушилка

Huller

Huller для сухого вишневого кофе

Huller для пергаментного кофе

Гидравлический погрузчик

Hypersort

Сдвоенный цилиндрический сепаратор

Промышленные винтовые конвейеры

Системы впуска

Управление запасами

Jog конвейер

Конвейерная сушилка

Лабораторное оборудование

Загрузочный желоб

Кукуруза шеллер

Очиститель солода

Мега очиститель

Мобильный конвейер

Moduflex

Мульти дробилка

Следующий оптический сортировщик

Маятниковый ковшовый элеватор

Маятник з-элеватор

полировщик

Полировщик для зеленого кофе

До / После аспиратора

Q-отводы

Q-труба

Q-носики

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фисташки

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CNN — 

Things change fast in Donald Trump’s world. A few days ago, the US president falsely branded Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky as a “dictator” who started Russia’s war in Ukraine and had “no cards” to play.

But on Friday the Ukrainian war hero will get a full White House welcome.

“We’re going to have a very good meeting. … We’re going to get along really well. OK. We have a lot of respect. I have a lot of respect for him,” Trump said Thursday.

Zelensky has had his own epiphany.

Last week, he accused Trump of ushering Russian President Vladimir Putin out of isolation after the US sent his officials to peace talks in Saudi Arabia without Ukraine. And he warned that the US president was living in a “disinformation space.”

But Zelensky has learned a critical lesson: Give Trump the win.

The Ukrainian president is traveling to Washington to sign an agreement for the US to exploit Ukraine’s rare earth mineral resources. The first draft of the deal looked a lot like colonial-style pillage being forced upon a desperate nation; Zelensky refused to sign it, warning he couldn’t sell out his nation’s wealth. Trump had claimed he could make half a trillion dollars to pay back US taxpayers for the military and financial lifeline to Ukraine after the Russian invasion.

The latest version appears far less onerous for Ukraine — which initiated discussions with the US last year about using its mineral stocks to finance the rebuilding of its devastated cities and infrastructure. There’s talk of a joint reconstruction fund but no mention of Trump’s initial claim for a $500 billion value — which was a perfect metaphor for a foreign policy vision that sees the world as a real estate deal.

Perhaps. But even if he’s managed to remove the most punitive aspects of the proposed deal, the truth is that Zelensky had little choice. He’s trying to force his way back into the peace talks. And if Zelensky’s first visit with Trump since his reelection cools fears Ukraine is set to be sold out, it may also hold the possibility of a long-term US relationship with the country – a prospect that seemed unlikely only a few days ago.

Zelensky is styling the agreement as only a framework for a future pact — largely because he’s trying to leverage Ukraine’s mineral wealth for future US security guarantees he sees as vital to the survival of any eventual peace deal.

So why the thaw?

Trump offered a clue earlier this week during a meeting with French President Emmanuel Macron.

“I do deals. My whole life is deals,” Trump said.

Just because the rare earth minerals deal with Ukraine seems likely to fall short of the president’s expectations, it doesn’t mean that he won’t market it as an extraordinary victory for himself and Americans.

“We’re going to be signing an agreement, which will be a very big agreement,” the president said before a Cabinet meeting on Wednesday.

Trump’s zeal for a deal even led him to conveniently forget his previous claim that Zelensky — against whom he bears a grudge because the Ukrainian president was on the other end of the call that led to his first impeachment — was a dictator.

“Did I say that? I can’t believe I said that. Next question?” Trump said in the Oval Office on Thursday, with the hint of a smirk.

Trump insists he trusts Putin

A lot might have changed between Zelensky and Trump in recent days.

But nothing has changed between Trump and Putin, and the US leader’s latest display of complete trust in the Russian leader on Thursday set off a huge, flashing alarm bell about the kind of deal he might try to do with Russia.

“I think he’ll keep his word. I’ve spoken to him, I’ve known him for a long time now, you know?” Trump said in the Oval Office alongside British Prime Minister Keir Starmer. “I don’t believe he is going to violate his word. I don’t think he’ll be back when we make a deal.”

There’s an argument that only Trump among Western leaders could get Putin to the table and end a war that has inflicted a devastating toll among civilians, destroyed vast swaths of Ukraine and rocked the world. And if the president secures a just and lasting peace, he’ll deserve the Nobel Prize he craves.

But there’s tangible fear among US allies in Europe that Trump will settle for any deal with the Russian leader that validates his illegal conquest of about 20% of Ukraine’s territory, sets the table for an even worse war in the future, and tempts Putin to try to bite off another chunk of Europe – perhaps the Baltic states.

Both Starmer and Macron this week made the point in stark terms in front of Trump.

“We have to get it right,” Starmer said during a press conference with Trump on Thursday. “There’s a famous slogan in the United Kingdom from after the Second World War that is that we have to win the peace. And that’s what we must do now, because it can’t be peace that rewards the aggressor, or that gives encouragement to regimes like Iran.”

Macron tried to impress upon Trump the impossibility of doing a deal with the Russian leader, reliving his frustration over his dealings with Putin before the invasion. “I had several discussions, especially (at the) beginning of 2022, several times, 7 hours with President Putin. Fifteen days before the launching of the attack, he denied everything,” Macron said.

There’s no reason for Trump to believe in Putin’s good faith. The last five US administrations have all tried to reset relations with Russia and its strongman leader. Each attempt failed. And Putin has repeatedly broken his word – most recently when he denied he had any plan to invade Ukraine, then did.

Trump’s willingness to take the Russian president at his word – and the possibility that could lead to appeasement rather than a solid, lasting peace deal – worries many former senior officials.

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President Donald Trump’s claim that the potential “trillion-dollar deal” he is on the cusp of signing with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky would offer the US easy access to a bonanza of rare earth minerals is at odds with the widespread assessment of current and former US officials who say there’s little actual evidence of great rare earth and other mineral wealth in Ukraine and much of what does exist will be difficult, even impossible, to exploit in the eastern war-torn part of the country.

“We’ll be dig, dig, digging,” Trump told reporters on the eve of Zelensky’s visit. “The American taxpayers will now effectively be reimbursed for the money and hundreds of billions of dollars poured into helping Ukraine defend itself.”

The agreement expected to be signed Friday at the White House could be seen as a coup for an embattled Zelensky, who is giving Trump a deal he can trumpet at a time that US support is faltering.

“It’s an important political undertaking that binds the two countries together,” a senior US official said. “The deal is bigger than subsoil. And it’s politically important for the Ukrainians at this juncture.”

Current and former US officials, as well as analysts and experts, have all emphasized that there isn’t a clear picture of precisely what resources Ukraine has that can be exploited. There appears to be no modern assessment and what is known is based on decades old, Soviet-era mapping.

While Trump has emphasized rare earth minerals and the American need for them, the US Geological Survey says Ukraine has zero proven reserves of rare earth minerals, or processing facilities.

Ukraine does have vast deposits of other minerals like graphite, lithium and titanium, which the US considers critical minerals, but they pale compared to other countries’.

“If we zoom out, on a global scale it’s not a ton,” said Jack Conness, a senior analyst at Energy Innovation. “Generally speaking, it’s not to say these resources don’t exist but we know very little about what there is to offer.”

The idea was originally Zelensky’s and gained steam when he visited the US last September and shopped around his ‘Victory Plan.’ The plan, both Trump and Biden administration officials say, included giving the US access to some of Ukraine’s natural resources wealth in exchange for continued US support.

That was shortly before the presidential election and Zelensky presented it to both the Trump and Biden teams, among others.

“It just wasn’t taken as something that was at all realistic,” said a former senior Biden administration official. “That was the part [of the victory plan] we discussed the least.”

“Let me just say that I’m not aware of a single US company that was clamoring to get into the mining business in Ukraine,” the former official added.

For Biden officials, Zelensky’s offer appeared clearly directed at Trump, because Ukraine saw him as transactional and reluctant to continue the same significant levels of US support for the country’s war effort.

A person familiar with the ongoing conversations inside the Trump administration about the deal and war in Ukraine agreed there are no recent surveys of Ukraine’s rare earth minerals that the US government has been able to independently confirm.

A US official familiar with classified intelligence assessments on the issue added that the consensus across the government is that the value of Ukraine’s rare earth and other minerals doesn’t approach the sky-high estimates of various Trump officials.

At first Trump demanded a $500 billion share of Ukraine’s rare earth and other minerals, which Zelensky quickly rejected. On Tuesday Trump said the deal that was agreed to would give Ukraine “$350 billion and lots of equipment, military equipment, and the right to fight on.”

Maps of the estimated mineral deposits – widely considered outdated – show them spread across the country, including some well away from the front line. But deposits aren’t always worth exploiting, experts say, and the most significant potential lies farther east in unstable, contested and Russian-occupied areas.

“Based on what we do know, the vast majority of the deposits appear to be in Russian-controlled territory,” said a second former senior Biden official familiar with the assessments. Others are under land littered by mines and unexploded ordnance.

Extracting, processing and refining minerals, particularly the rare earth variety, can be extraordinarily expensive and take a long time.

“This deal has many complications to it that will make it exceedingly difficult for the US to get the benefits out of it that are being portrayed,” the former official said.

On Thursday, Trump acknowledged the uncertainty about what resources may actually be available to be exploited.

“You never know when it